Drug Designing: Open Access, is an peer-reviewed, open-access scholarly journal focused on publishing articles in all aspects of academic journal and aims to publish most complete and reliable source of information on the discoveries and current developments in the mode of original articles, review articles, case reports, short communications, etc. in all areas of the field and making them freely available through online without any restrictions or any other subscriptions to researchers worldwide.

Renal calculi are crystalline structures of calcium oxalate with associated risk factors like dehydration, high fat diet, animal protein, high salt intake and obesity. Crystals form in the distal tubule, nephron loop and/or collecting tubule have symptoms of severe pain and renal colic. Nephrolithiasis is a global problem affecting all geographical regions. This study compiles the epidemiology of renal calculi focusing on prevalence, occurrence and re-occurrence rate in global perspective. Literature of nephrolithiasis prevalence has been reviewed for Europe, Canada, American, East Asia, Gulf region, Japan, China and different parts of India. Etiology of nephrolithiasis was reviewed in detail for types, factors, symptoms, promoters and inhibitors. Renal calculi induction and progression mechanism was discussed with pathophysiology involved. Water and Food are directly related to occurrence of renal calculi, as a major concern correlation has been discussed. Depending on the type of renal stone, food which are to be avoided and preventive actions were discussed. Concise information was provided on the different experimental models of nephrolithiasis induction in animals. Understanding the pathophysiology of this disorder is necessary for the development of new therapeutic options and treatment. Nephrolithiasis is associated with chronic kidney dysfunction, bone loss and fractures, increased risk of coronary artery disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus etc. and understanding the pathophysiology is necessary to develop highly effective drugs.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTS: Nephrolithiasis is a global problem affecting all geographical regions. Renal calculi are crystalline structures associated risk factors i.e., dehydration, high fat diet, animal protein, high salt intake and obesity. Literature reviewed for nephrolithiasis prevalence in Europe, Canada, American, East Asia, Gulf region, Japan, China and different parts of India. Renal calculi induction and progression mechanism was discussed with pathophysiology involved. Fluid intake and diet has been correlated with type of renal stone, as well as the precautions and preventive action were also discussed. Relation of fluid intake and diet has been correlated with type of renal stone, precaution and preventive actions were discussed. Concise information was provided on experimental models of nephrolithiasis induction in animals. Nephrolithiasis is associated with chronic kidney dysfunction, bone loss, coronary artery disease, hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus signifying necessity of understanding the pathophysiology.

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